The Growth Development And Industrial Policy Economics Essay

The Growth Development And Industrial Policy Economics Essay 1. Financial development is the expansion of per capita total national output (GDP) or other proportion of total salary, commonly announced as the yearly pace of progress in genuine GDP. Financial development is fundamentally determined by upgrades in profitability, which includes delivering more products and ventures with similar contributions of work, capital, vitality and materials. Financial experts draw a differentiation between transient monetary adjustment and long haul monetary development. The subject of monetary development is fundamentally worried about the since quite a while ago run. The short-run variety of financial development is named the business cycle. The pace of financial development is estimated by the rate increment in yield over a year time frame. Governments expect to accomplish elevated levels of stable financial development over the long haul keeping away from occurances, for example, downturns and times of unreasonable transient development which can't be supported. The circumstance in Britain, and all through an enormous bit of the world right now, is a genuine case of how stable development was not kept up. By not maintaing a steady degree of total interest, variances will happen, moving the roundabout progression of pay from a condition of equilibirum to a condition of disequilibrium this is a characteristic occurance inside an economy, as an ascent in total interest exhibits Economic Growth and the other way around. Joblessness will likewise fall according to development, expansion rates are probably going to ascend, with the hole among fares and imports narrowing as buyer interest for more affordable forgein created items increments and interest for locally delivered merchandise diminishes. Advantages of Growth: Expanded degrees of utilization Shirking of macroeconomic issues Redistribution of pay to poor people More noteworthy cultural consideration for nature In principle Growth should make individuals more joyful as pay will be all the more equally conveyed, which means everybody has more cash to spend, improving personal satisfaction the drawback is this may not really occur, and nothing from what was just mentioned enhancements may really happen. Expenses of Growth Opportunity cost of development Development may just produce additional interest Social impacts and Enviornmental costs Lack of Non-Renewable assets non-renewable energy sources and minerals for example Dissemination of Income rich get more extravagant, poor get less fortunate? Changes underway individuals with essential aptitudes may discover they are not, at this point required, so moving along without any more instruction of preparing my not, at this point be employable. Should nations seek after their objectives of financial development? This is a choice to be made corresponding to the advantages and costs included, for example every nations circumstance will be extraordinary and their can be no difinitive yes or no answer. Monetary advancement in its most straightforward structure is the production of financial riches for all residents inside the various layers of society so all individuals approach possible expanded personal satisfaction. Employment creation, financial yield and increment in available premise are the most widely recognized estimation apparatuses. Auxiliary change, improving the quality and profitability of assets and improving the way of life of a countries populace, through supported development from a straightforward, low-pay economy to a cutting edge, high-salary economy, are desireable objectives for any administration to attempt to accomplish. Improving personal satisfaction thus identifies with improving monetary improvement would be upgraded, including the procedure and approaches by which a country improves the financial, political, and social prosperity of its kin. 2. Open strategy by and large focuses on constant and supported financial development and extension of national economies with the goal that creating nations become created nations. The monetary advancement process guesses that lawful and institutional changes are made to give impetuses for advancement and for speculations in order to build up a proficient creation and dissemination framework for products and ventures. http://schumpeter2006.org/blog/2006/12/20/meaning of-monetary turn of events/ Corresponding to creating nations, Economic Development can be deciphered in both a positive and negative way. For instance, the legislature of Sri Lanka has been consistant in their endeavors to push the nation towards financial advancement since the 1970s. A wide range of approaches have been taken, yet a typical subject of free market standards and structutal change have been effective in saving the designs for development and advancement on target. Obviously, there have been variances these are crucial for any nation, not to mention those in the creating scene, seeking after such objectives. Set backs, for example, political weights, including common war and forgein speculation, just as a gigantic dry season, have been tremendously compelling in the way of the nations progress. In any case, because of persistence and a defining practical momentary objectives, the progressive governments have been blessed to see positive turns of events, particularly since 2002 when a truce was ma rked between the legislature and radical gatherings and the dry spell which has hampered improvement finished, permitting solid force sources to be reestablished and the rural business to bring down their costs. Working related to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) more targets were set for the 2003-2006 timeframe. Alongside the new laws which were presented, concerning zones, for example, duty and government assistance change, just as venture deregulation, the nation trust is to set up enduring harmony through help, recovery and recreation. The changes saw over this timeframe show away from of the negative and positive sides of development and advancement, for instance, the social impacts showed through the cival turmoil and the natural expenses made by the dry spells. On a progressively positive note, it very well may be seen the appropriation of riches is getting all the more even because of the changes affected in 2003. A degree of social insurance is accommodated free midwifey care is one such assistance now accessible, albeit numerous others, for example, blood transfusions are still extravagant. The administration want to impact and change this with their proceeded with activity through various key strategies: 1) reestablishing financial manageability, including raising incomes by 21/2% of GDP; 2) actualizing basic changes for the most part including deregulation and privatization; 3) making open doors for the poor to share all the more completely in the advantages of monetary development through enhancements in framework and instruction; and 4) earning assets for recreation, including however benefactor help and government speculations. In the same way as other industrialized countries of the West, the United Kingdom has tried to join consistent monetary development with a significant level of work, expanded profitability, and proceeding with progress in expectations for everyday comforts. Achievement of these fundamental destinations, in any case, has been blocked since World War II by repetitive deficiencies in a critical position of installments and by extreme inflationary weights. Subsequently, financial approach has predominantly must be coordinated toward remedying these two hidden shortcomings in the economy The Conservative government chose in 1979 tried to decrease the job of government in the economy by improving impetuses, expelling controls, lessening charges, directing the cash flexibly, and privatizing a few huge state-claimed organizations. This approach was proceeded by succeeding Conservative governments into the 1990s. The appointment of a Labor government in 1997 didn't switch this pattern. Surely, privatization is currently generally acknowledged by a large portion of the Labor Party (except for the diminishing quantities of the wing of the gathering with solid connections to worker's organizations). The most significant issue confronting Britain in the mid 2000s was enrollment in the European Monetary Union (EMU). Work Prime Minister Tony Blair chose to quit EMU at its commencement in 1998 and has guaranteed a choice on British participation. The resistance Conservatives contradict deserting the pound and have the help of a dominant part of the British populace on the issue. In June 2003, the chancellor of the exchequer expressed that Britain was not yet prepared to enter the euro zone, which made a choice in the ebb and flow parliament impossible, at any rate until another legislature would be situated in 2005. The administration in 2003 committed its consideration on the residential front to improving such open administrations as wellbeing, training, and transportation. http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Europe/United-Kingdom-ECONOMIC-DEVELOPMENT.html Modern Policy Modern strategy is a legislature subsidized program that energizes people in general and private area to make new innovation which in time prompts monetary development. This new innovation can be utilized to make new ventures inside the given nation which in time can prompt more noteworthy degrees of work. It can likewise be utilized to spare an industry that might be obsolete or falling flat. The administration run these projects from multiple points of view. One way they can do it is by financing a private association to do the examination. This financing can be through tax cuts or the association could be an immediate auxiliary to the legislature. The projects could likewise be government run; this has less of a bit of leeway as private associations are for the most part in a superior situation to complete this exploration. Accomplishes it work? Its not simply settled monetary nations that have mechanical strategy either and it tends to be similarly as though not increasingly significant for recently shaped modern nations too. This is because of the assets required for financial development, which toward the beginning can be simple for a nation to do. As it gets greater it requires an ever increasing number of assets so as to keep up this development and without suitable speculation this would not be conceivable. The Korean government did this by offering monetary motivating forces and decreased assessment to associations setting up in the nation, while this has functioned admirably for them as a dev

Wal-Marts shift to Radio Frequency Identification Essay

Wal-Marts move to Radio Frequency Identification - Essay Example With cash, individuals could without much of a stretch buy precisely what they needed or required. This proceeded for a couple of hundreds of years is still being used on the planet however not in a similar sense as it used to be previously. Today science and innovation have reformed every single part of human life. Shopping and business are no special cases they also have been significantly adjusted by innovation. Charge cards, charging frameworks, shopping on the web, web financial balances and the arrangement of scanner tags on items are a portion of the models that delineate the degree to which innovation has infiltrated into this boondocks. Despite the fact that numerous advances have been made, worldwide concerns are developing with respect to angles like shoplifting, robbery and misappropriation of items. To check these numerous arrangements have been proposed like the standardized identification framework and most as of late the RFID innovation. This innovation has the two benefits and bad marks as does each other innovation at any point imagined. Wal Mart's choice to utilize it has given it a force. This article depicts about the possibilities and parts of RFID innovation keeping Wal Mart out of sight. RFID, a developing innovation, represents Radio Frequency Identification. ...A RFID tag is a little article, for example, a cement sticker, that can be appended to or consolidated into an item, creature, or individual. RFID labels contain recieving wires to empower them to get and react to radio-recurrence questions from a RFID handset. Aloof labels require no inward force source. The labels are commonly scaled down electronic circuits encased in defensive cases. At the point when they retain signal from a perusing gadget they get actuated and convey information to the understanding gadget. At the point when a RFID label goes through the electromagnetic zone, it distinguishes the peruser's initiation signal. The peruser disentangles the information encoded in the label's incorporated circuit (silicon chip) and the information is passed to the host PC for processing(RFID: From Wikipedia, the free reference book 2005). Thusly subtleties like its area and so on can be discovered by the understanding gadget. In view of intensity utilization labels are delegated dynamic or aloof. Detached RFID labels have no inside force flexibly. They don't contain any batteries inside them. The moment electrical flow actuated in the recieving wire by the approaching radio recurrence signal gives simply enough capacity to the tag to transmit a reaction. Absence of an installed power flexibly implies that the gadget can be very little and light weight: financially accessible items exist that can be inserted into numerous items. Starting at 2005, the littlest such gadgets economically accessible estimated 0.4 mm 0.4 mm, which is more slender than a piece of paper; such gadgets are for all intents and purposes imperceptible to the unaided eye (RFID: From Wikipedia, the free reference book 2005).

Avoiding Payday Loans How to Deal With a Bounced Paycheck

Avoiding Payday Loans How to Deal With a Bounced Paycheck Avoiding Payday Loans: How to Deal With a Bounced Paycheck Avoiding Payday Loans: How to Deal With a Bounced PaycheckCan a paycheck bounce? Unfortunately, yep. It does happen.If your paycheck bounces or your employer is late with a payment, it can mean financial disaster. Here are the steps you can take to fix the situation, as well as savings strategies to make sure you have the funds to make it through.If you’re one of the millions living paycheck-to-paycheck, then what would you do if your next paycheck happened to, well, just not show up. Or worse, it does show up, but when you go to cash it, you get the four worst words in the English language: “Transaction Failed, Insufficient Funds.”What are you going to do now? Do you have enough money in your savings account to deal with a delayed paycheck?If you don’t know the answers to these questions, don’t worry. There’s no need for you to run over to your local payday lender and take out a short-term, high-interest loan that’ll put you in an even deeper financial hole.Instead, ju st keep reading.1. Talk to your employerNothing shakes your faith in the American enterprise system like a bounced paycheck,” says Howard Dvorkin (@HowardDvorkin), CPA and Chairman of Debt.com (@debtcom).“It happens most often in small businesses, and many times, it’s not only unintentional, the employer is rightfully embarrassed as hell.”Dvorkin says that your first step should be to “call your employer and politely inquire. You just might get a horrified apology because someone forgot to do something important.”According to Roslyn Lash (@RosLash), an Accredited Financial Counselor and the founder of Youth Smart Financial Education Services, you should want to “make sure that the money wasnt incorrectly transferred or some type of computer glitch.”“Therefore,” she says, “you need to call your employer and explain the situation and inquire about a reissue date.”2. Start a Paper TrailIf your bounced paycheck does turn out to be a simple error, then you’ll pr obably be fine. But if it’s something elseâ€"if your employer is maybe up to somethingâ€"then you’re going to need documentation. You’ll need to not only document your lack of a paycheck, but your efforts to resolve the issue.“If you contact your employer and you get an attitude, start a paper trail,” says Dvorkin. “Get a copy of the returned check, and keep copies showing if you had to pay overdraft fees.”According to Lash, when people with a bounced paycheck contact their employer, they should “be sure to document the name, location of the representative that they speak with. This will be the beginning of the paper trail,” she says. “From this point forward, every conversation and everything and I mean everything should be documented.”3. Call Your BankMost people plan their bill payments around their paycheck. But when a paycheck bounces, that plan has got to change.Contact your bank to have all drafted automatic payments from your account canceled.” says L ash.   “Explain the situation to the bank representative and request proof that your paycheck was not deposited into your account.”“Any documentation that they can provide proofing that the employer had insufficient funds or that the check bounced would be helpful,” she says.Lash also recommends that “if you have an emergency savings, transfer some funds into this account to cover any outstanding bills.”“Ask your lender if there are any provisions made for NSF fees that you may incur,” she says.4. Contact your creditorsPeople tend to think that lenders are totally inflexible when it comes to your payments. And while it’s true that most lenders aren’t pushovers, and they don’t like it when people are constantly calling in about insufficient funds, they do understand that (and this a very technical banking term) “stuff happens.” The same goes for utility companies.Lash says that you should call your lenders and “Advise them of the situation and request a pa yment date change.”“Explain that you expect to be paid by date (whatever date that the employer advised you) but you will keep them abreast of any changes.”If you have already incurred a delinquent fee, she adds, “request a courtesy removal.”5. If you need to, then lawyer upIn cases where you aren’t able to get the situation resolved immediately, then you’re probably going to need an attorney. (Also: a new job.)Lawyers can be expensive. For someone with a low-income, especially someone who’s now not even receiving that income, a traditional lawyer might be out of the price range.This is is why both Lash and Dvorkin recommends contacting your local Legal Aid office. If you qualify for free legal aid, they should be able to set you up with a lawyer.“Meanwhile, if you want to get your employer’s attention, report him to the Department of Labor in your state,” says Dvorkin. “There are laws about these things, and you can file a complaint.”Try These Savings Stra tegiesOf course, if you aren’t able to get your paycheck issue resolved quickly, then you’re still going to need money. Even if you are able to find another job, it’ll probably be a few weeks before your paid. In the meantime, how are you gonna eat?This is where a payday loan might start looking like a pretty good option. But stay away. The extremely high APRs and the short repayment terms can all too easily lead to you rolling the loan over instead of paying it off on time. That’s how the dangerous cycle of debt begins.Instead, the best way to manage this situation is to have money in your savings. This way, you can bridge the gap without having to pay any additional fees or interest.Saving money does take some extra work and disciplineâ€"especially if you’re someone with a low-income, but there are definitely ways you can make it work.Kendal Perez (@HassleFreeSaver)is the Savings Expert for CouponSherpa.com (@CouponSherpa). Here are some of her tips for building your sav ingsHack your recurring expenses: “The most effective way to build your savings or emergency fund is to reduce your monthly payments and direct the difference to your savings accounts. Its a good idea to regularly review these expenses anyway to ensure youre not overpaying. Good candidates for review include cable TV and internet bills, mobile plans, auto insurance policies, and subscriptions. You can opt to swap your cable TV for a Netflix and/or Hulu subscription; decrease your data plan based on usage; increase the deductible on your auto insurance policies to drop your monthly premium, and review the subscriptions you pay for and start making cuts. You can also use a service called Trim to review and cancel unused subscriptions on your behalf.”Limit your splurges: “If youre prone to buying coffee or dining out for lunch each week, start cutting back on these treats and deposit what you save into your emergency fund. Cutting out these purchases entirely may lead to burnout, so select a day or two during the week or month to treat yourself. Limiting your splurges to Fridays and paydays only, for example, strikes a nice balance between enjoying your money now and saving for the future.”Automate your savings: “Paying yourself first means placing a priority on your financial wellness and security. This can be accomplished by setting up an automatic transfer of funds between checking and savings every time you receive a paycheck, or at any increment you choose. You can also use a tool like Digit which reviews your daily spending and makes small, incremental transfers from your checking to an online, FDIC-insured account.”Sell your stuff: “While reducing your spending and saving money is an important part of building an emergency fund, so too is adding to your income. Tis the season to spring clean and declutter, so consider selling your stuff at a garage sale, or through Craigslist or Facebook community groups, and deposit your profits into savings .”Attempt a no-spend challenge: “The more adventurous savers can try a no-spend challenge, whereby you try to purchase nothing for a certain period of time (one week, one month or even one year). The money you save by limiting your spending can go toward building your emergency fund.”Hopefully, you will never have to deal with a bounced paycheck. But if you do, follow these steps and you’ll weather the storm just fine.Have your own tips for dealing with bounced paycheck (and avoiding dangerous payday or bad credit loans)? Let us know! You can find us on Twitter at  @OppLoans.Visit OppLoans on YouTube | Facebook | Twitter | LinkedINContributorsHoward S. Dvorkin  (@HowardDvorkin)    is a  two-time author, personal finance expert, community service champion and Chairman of Debt.com  (@debtcom). As  one of the most highly regarded debt and credit expert in the United States and has played an instrumental role in drafting both State and Federal Legislation.  Howard’s latest boo k “Power Up: Taking Charge of Your Financial Destiny” provides consumers with the detailed tools that they need to live debt free and regain their financial freedom. Howard has appeared as a finance expert on CBS Nightly News, ABC World News Tonight, The Early Show, Fox News, and CNN.Roslyn Lash  (@RosLash) is an Accredited Financial Counselor and the founder of Youth Smart Financial Education Services.  She specializes in youth financial education, adult coaching and works virtually with adults helping them navigate through their personal finances i.e. budgeting, debt, and credit repair.  Her advice has been featured in national publications such as USA Today, TIME, Huffington Post, NASDAQ, Los Angeles Times, and a host of other media outlets.Kendal Perez is the Savings Expert for CouponSherpa.com  (@CouponSherpa), a popular source for online, in-store and grocery coupons. Her money-saving tips are often featured on Bankrate, GOBankingRates, US News World Report, Wisebread a nd more. Kendal can be found on Twitter  @HassleFreeSaver.

The Kushan Empire

The Kushan Empire began in the early 1st century as a branch of the Yuezhi, a confederation of ethnically Indo-Europeans nomads who lived in eastern Central Asia. Some scholars connect the Kushans with the Tocharians of the Tarim Basin in China, Caucasian people whose blonde or red-haired mummies have long puzzled observers. Throughout its reign, the Kushan Empire spread control over much of Southern Asia all the way to modern-day Afghanistan and throughout the Indian subcontinent—with it, Zoroastrian, Buhhdism and Hellenistic beliefs also spread as far as China to the east and Persia to the west. Rise of an Empire Around the years A.D. 20 or 30, the Kushans were driven westward by the Xiongnu, a fierce people who likely were the ancestors of the Huns. The Kushans fled to the borderlands of what is now Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan, where they established an independent empire in the region known as Bactria. In Bactria, they conquered the Scythians and the local Indo-Greek kingdoms, the last remnants of Alexander the Greats invasion force that had failed to take India. From this central location, the Kushan Empire became a wealthy trading hub between the peoples of Han China, Sassanid Persia and the Roman Empire. Roman gold and Chinese silk changed hands in the Kushan Empire, turning a nice profit for the Kushan middle-men. Given all their contacts with the great empires of the day, it is hardly surprising that the Kushan people developed a culture with significant elements borrowed from many sources. Predominantly Zoroastrian, the Kushans also incorporated Buddhist and Hellenistic beliefs into their own syncretic religious practices. Kushan coins depict deities including Helios and Heracles, Buddha and Shakyamuni Buddha, and Ahura Mazda, Mithra and the Zoroastrian fire god  Atar. They also used the Greek alphabet that they altered to suit spoken Kushan. Height of the Empire By the rule of the fifth emperor, Kanishka the Great from 127 to 140 the Kushan Empire had pushed into all of northern India and expanded east again as far as the Tarim Basin—the original homeland of the Kushans. Kanishka ruled from Peshawar (currently Pakistan), but his empire also included the major Silk Road cities of Kashgar, Yarkand, and Khotan in what is now Xinjiang or East Turkestan. Kanishka was a devout Buddhist and has been compared to the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka the Great in that regard. However, evidence suggests that he also worshiped the Persian deity Mithra, who was both a judge and a god of plenty. During his reign, Kanishka built a stupa that Chinese travelers reported as about 600 feet high and covered with jewels. Historians believed that these reports were fabricated until the base of this amazing structure was discovered in Peshawar in 1908. The emperor built this fabulous stupa to house three of the Buddhas bones. References to the stupa have since been discovered among the Buddhist scrolls at Dunhuang, China, as well. In fact, some scholars believe that Kanishkas forays into the Tarim were Chinas first experiences with Buddhism. Decline and Fall After 225 CE, the Kushan Empire crumbled into a western half, which was almost immediately conquered by the Sassanid Empire of Persia, and an eastern half with its capital in Punjab. The eastern Kushan Empire fell at an unknown date, likely between 335 and 350 CE, to the Gupta king, Samudragupta.   Still, the influence of the Kushan Empire helped spread Buddhism across much of Southern and Eastern Asia. Unfortunately, many of the practices, beliefs, art, and texts of the Kushans were destroyed when the empire collapsed and if not for the historical texts of Chinese empires, this history may have been lost forever.

Suppression and Subversion through Walls in Bartleby the...

Suppression and Subversion through Walls in â€Å"Bartleby the Scrivener† In â€Å"Bartleby the Scrivener† an elderly lawyer recounts the tenure of a scrivener, Bartleby, from his office. The progression of this employer/employee relationship depicts disengagement between opposing social classes and its consequences. The presence of the subtitle of â€Å"Bartleby the Scrivener: A Tale of Wall Street† has been given much consideration. The subtitle carries the baggage of the emerging capitalistic culture, but it also alludes to the confinement that walls enable. Melville strategically uses architecture in his short story, â€Å"Bartleby the Scrivener† to demonstrate the disengagement between social classes that capitalism produces. In the story, the†¦show more content†¦As Karl Marx writes in The Communist Manifesto, â€Å"the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles† (13). Melville’s short story, â€Å"Bartleby the Scrivener† explores the walls between social classes that capitalism encourages and their effective erasure of the individual member of the working class. There are two windows present in the lawyer’s office; one window depicts a light, white wall, while the other a grimy, dark, brick wall, representing the potential for each opposing end of the social class system. The lawyer confines Bartleby to a space in the office that faces a wall near the dark brick wall window, reminiscent of the dead ends that the working class faces in terms of social mobility. Barnett writes of Bartleby’s office placement, â€Å"Conveniently placed to answer his employer’s summons with alacrity, he must inhabit a circumscribed and isolated cell whose lack of outlook mirrors the lack of prospects of his menial occupation† (380). Melvilles depiction of a uniform brick wall facing Bartleby highlights the lack of individuality that Bartlebys presence in the working class faces. Just like each identical brick in the wall, the lawyer sees Bartleby as an uniform member of the proletariat class. Bartlebys presence in the story is strictly to fulfill the lawyers need for copying. The lawyer would be satisfied to never even notice Bartleby, as long as he is producing copies. In fact, the

Use Of Alfuzosin And Trial Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Patients and Methods: A sum of 63 patients showing with a first episode of self-generated AUR related to BPH underwent exigency catheterisation and were so indiscriminately and blindly assigned to have 10 milligrams alfuzosin one time day-to-day or placebo at a ratio of 2:1 for 3 yearss. The efficaciousness standard of this survey was the rate of successful TWOC within 24 hours after catheter remotion. The influence of factors such as age, urine keeping volume, fluid ingestion, irregularity and urinary piece of land infection ( UTI ) on TWOC result was besides assessed. We will write a custom essay sample on Use Of Alfuzosin And Trial Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Acute urinary keeping ( AUR ) represents one of most important and painful events in the natural history of benign prostate hyperplasia ( BPH ) . Up to a 3rd of patients undergoing surgical intervention for BPH present with acute urinary keeping ( AUR ) . [ 1 ] Acute urinary keeping is associated with important anxiousness, uncomfortableness and patient incommodiousness. The impact on patients ‘ health-related quality of life is comparable to an onslaught of nephritic gripes. [ 2 ] The most common cause of urinary keeping is benign prostate hyperplasia. [ 3 ] Acute urinary keeping was one time considered an absolute indicant for prostatectomy but the patients ‘ desire to avoid surgery and development of successful medical direction has led to a more conservative attack normally being adopted. The attack and direction of AUR has undergone a profound alteration over the last decennary. We herein discourse the hazard factors and recent tendencies in the direction of AUR seco ndary to BPH. Between Jan. 2010 and October 2010, 63 patients with a minimal age of 51 old ages with a first episode of self-generated AUR related to BPH and a urine keeping volume of between 500 and 1,500 milliliter at catheterisation were enrolled in a randomised prospective placebo controlled survey done at Medical metropolis, Baghdad. All causes of precipitated AUR were considered as exclusion standards except irregularity and a high fluid consumption to find the specific influence of these two parametric quantities. Work force included in this survey were those older than 50 old ages presented with AUR and have residuary piss greater than 500 milliliters. Patients were excluded when they have neurogenic vesica disfunction, ague or chronic prostatitis, history of prostate and urethral surgery, known vesica rocks, urethral stenosis, coagulum keeping secondary to haematurias of any cause, residuary volume inferior to 500 milliliter or superior to 1,500ml, AUR non related to BPH, and those with o ther diseases including Parkinson ‘s disease, insulin dependant diabetes, multiple induration, stroke or myocardial infarction within the old 6 months, hepatic abnormalcies, neutropenia, nephritic inadequacy, unstable or terrible bosom failure, postural hypotension or faint, known hypersensitivity to ?-blockers, and suspected or diagnosed evolutive neoplastic disease. Patients having sympathomimetics, 5?-reductase inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, anticholinergics, or first coevals antihistamines were besides excluded. At admittance and after the diagnosing of AUR associated with BPH was established, urethral vesica catheterisation was performed. Patients were randomized to have 10 milligrams alfuzosin one time day-to-day or placebo with a ratio of 2 on alfuzosin to 1 on placebo harmonizing to a centrally established randomisation list. The catheter was removed after a lower limit of 2 doses of study drug and each patient received 1 extra tablet the twenty-four hours afte r catheter remotion. Catheterization clip and drained volume at catheterisation every bit good as patient demographic informations, BPH history, and general medical and surgical history were recorded. Clinical scrutiny and standard research lab trials were performed. TWOC was considered successful if the patient returned to satisfactory elimination within the first 24 hours following remotion of the urethral catheter without re-catheterization. No value of post-void residuary piss was specified. Sixty three patients enduring from first episode of AUR due to BPH were prospectively randomized into 2 groups of 42 for alfuzosin and 21 for placebo.The terminal point of the survey was the per centum of successful TWOCs. The influence on TWOC success rate by age, drained volume at catheterisation, active UTI at registration, irregularity before AUR, and unstable consumption within 24 hours before AUR was tested utilizing logistic arrested development method. The per centums of successful T WOC were compared between the groups utilizing chi -square trials. The per centum of patients who experienced at least 1 inauspicious event was lower in the alfuzosin group ( 3 of 40 or 8.4 % ) than in the placebo group ( 3 of 20 or 13.1 % ) . The most often reported event potentially related to ?-blockade in the alfuzosin group was orthostatic hypotension ( 1 of 40 patients or 2.5 % ) . Discussion Pressing prostate surgery performed for AUR consequences in greater morbidity and mortality than the same surgery performed on an elected footing. Surgical intercession in the presence of a urinary catheter can besides take to an increased hazard of sepsis. [ 4-6 ] , potentially lending to the ascertained addition in operative morbidity in this aged group. [ 7,8 ] For illustration, in the survey of Pickard et al 1,242 work forces who presented in AUR and underwent prostatectomy were at increased hazard for perioperative complications and at extra hazard for decease compared to work forces who underwent elected prostatectomy for symptoms entirely. Thus, intervention steps that can avoid pressing surgery or let surgical intercession on an elected footing without the presence of a urinary catheter can be considered of import in the direction of AUR. This survey demonstrates that 10 milligrams alfuzosin one time day-to-day facilitates the return to normal elimination in patients undergoi ng TWOC for a first episode of self-generated AUR and it is good tolerated. It besides confirms that patient age 65 old ages or older and drained volume 1,000 milliliter or greater are risk factors for TWOC failure. Nevertheless, after leting for these 2 factors alfuzosin improved the successful TWOC. Some methodological facets of the survey may foremost be considered. The Study was designed to reflect existent life criterion medical attention in footings of the intervention of work forces in AUR. Thus, the context of the survey was peculiarly hard because it involved patients seen for exigency attention, whereas most clinical surveies in the BPH field are done in the more controlled scene of an outpatient clinic. The usage of a suprapubic catheter for AUR alleviation was considered but the overpowering bulk of published articles on AUR refer chiefly to a urethral catheter for initial direction, reflecting the common usage of this device in clinical pattern. [ 9 ] Therefore, a trans urethral catheter was chosen. While a suprapubic catheter confers advantages in long-run usage, the demand for increased experience, clip and disbursal for this process are non offset by such advantages in the short Term [ 10 ] Catheterization continuance may besides be discussed. In the survey the catheter was removed after 2 doses of study drug that is after 2 or 3 yearss of catheterisation. Sing the high response rate observed in the placebo group ( 35 % ) and the fact that the success rate of TWOC clearly increases with continuance of catheterisation. [ 11 ] it is possible that shorter catheterisation or even in and out catheterisation would hold been an appropriate option. However, there is presently no consensus on this point.The consequences of the current survey are consistent with those antecedently reported with other ?1-blockers [ 12-15 ] and with 5mg alfuzosin twice daily [ 16 ] in little groups of patients in AUR. In the latter double-blind, randomized survey invalidati ng after catheter remotion was successful in 22 of 40 patients ( 55 % ) having alfuzosin vs 12 of 41 ( 29 % ) receiving placebo. This lower placebo response ( 29 % ) may be explained by the shorter continuance of catheterisation ( less than 2 yearss ) , as discussed. Age has been shown to be an of import factor that significantly influences TWOC result. In the old survey done with 5 milligrams alfuzosin twice daily the average age of patients with successful TWOC regardless of intervention was a average 4.5 old ages younger than that in those who failed to invalidate ( p 0.015 ) . [ 16 ] In the current survey, in which no upper age bound was set in the inclusion standards, enabling aged work forces to be included and reflecting the prevalence of AUR, the inauspicious influence of age on TWOC result was once more clearly demonstrated. However, even in aged patients ( age 65 old ages or older ) at high hazard for TWOC failure alfuzosin increased the opportunities of successful elimina tion compared with placebo. The current survey besides confirmed the reported inauspicious influence of big drained volume on TWOC result. [ 17 ] Nevertheless, in patients with a drained volume of 1,000 milliliter or greater who were, therefore, more likely to hold impaired detrusor map a higher per centum of successful TWOCs was observed in the alfuzosin group compared with the placebo group. Other factors normally associated with AUR, viz. irregularity, acute urinary infection and/or high fluid intake were found to hold no important influence on TWOC result. [ 18,9,10 ] The consequences of the current survey are consistent with those reported by Madhu et Al. [ 19 ] Alfuzosin was good tolerated in this population of aged and frail patients with a average age of 69 old ages who were treated in an exigency state of affairs, including 32 % and 15 % with a history of high blood pressure and ischaemic bosom disease, severally. The incidence of inauspicious events or serious inauspicious events was comparable to that of placebo. It must be recognized that, sing the earnestness of the possible mortality/morbidity associated with exigency surgery for AUR and morbidity related to long-run catheterisation, the somewhat higher incidence of postural hypotension ( 2.5 % ) reported with alfuzosin in this acute state of affairs compared with placebo is to be considered negligible. Decision This survey clearly demonstrates that 10 milligrams alfuzosin one time day-to-day is effectual for bettering the opportunity of successful TWOC after a first episode of self-generated BPH related AUR even in aged patients and in patients with a big drained volume who are at increased hazard for TWOC failure. There is no increased hazard of an inauspicious event. The obvious benefit is that work forces can hold the catheter removed quickly and return place without the uncomfortableness and possible morbidity associated with an in situ catheter. Furthermore, in patients necessitating BPH surgery this should lend to diminish the morbidity and mortality normally associated with an acute process. How to cite Use Of Alfuzosin And Trial Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Customers Believe on Company Advertising or Online Reviews

Question: What Do Customers Believe More- Company Advertising or Online Reviews? Answer: Introduction The decision to purchase by a consumer is at the mercy of many factors and belief ranks high up there with them. Be it through company adverting or online reviews, the creation of brand awareness, and attraction of new customers is more or less at the center of any business's daily schedule and this makes more companies look for ways of enhancing consumer beliefs. As a matter of fact, more and more companies are looking to establish with absolute certainty what aspect of the above mentioned is more believable to customers. As such the following question begs: which is more believable to customers? Company advertising or online reviews? There are different facts in this regard, and this paper will outline some of the views that have been put across in association with the above-mentioned forms of marketing in a bid to establish where the customers stand. To answer this question adequately, the following needs to answered: To what extent do consumers depend on either advertising or onl ine reviews when making decisions about their products? Company advertising utilizes many avenues- from traditional to digital to mobile to social media- taking advantage of the marketing communication means of audio or visual in promotion or sale of a product by a business. Company advertising takes various forms currently: advertisements on TV, brand sponsorships, ads in newspapers and magazines, billboards, radios, TV program product placement among others. Worryingly, a few analysts have expressed that when it comes to advertising, people will always look at it with a jaded eye despite the various mediums available. According to a study conducted by a research firm named Lab 42, 76% of the interview population expressed that company advertising is generally "very exaggerated" or "somewhat exaggerated." Further, in a rather particular industry, 87%of the respondents were in agreement that more than half of cleaning advertisements are photoshopped. Besides, in an area that continues to be a part of advertising in the media concerning food products, 96% of respondents expressed that over 50% of weight-related advertisements are photoshopped. These figures are emphasized by the study conducted by the BBB in 2013 outlining the perceptions of customers as per the claims made in ads. Only 3 percent attested to ads being accurate, 19% agreed that ads are very exaggerated, with 21% and 57% expressing that ads were somewhat correct and exaggerated respectively. Online reviews, hugely constituted by the opinions of consumers posted online, has been on the rise over the years with some studies putting forth that more and more customers are relying on the earlier mentioned before making purchase decisions. This has been further contributed to by the recent shift to online shopping by customers. According to a Nielsen online survey carried out in 2013, 68% of the respondents in the inquiry suggested that they trusted consumer opinions posted online (Nielsen.com, 2017). Again, millions have been lured into areas that offer reviews to products for the promise of honesty, trustworthy opinions that is promoted by the online platforms. A report of a survey conducted by power reviews bearing the title The Power of Reviews outlined that approximately 94% percent of shoppers seek reviews despite having come across company advertising in their purchase journey with 86% believing that online reviews are a fundamental aspect of the process of decision-mak ing. Regardless, the danger of manipulations by businesses in an attempt to look good looms (Nielsen.com, 2017). Belief in whatever form of marketing is highly influenced by the amount of information on offer by the kind of marketing in question. In comparison, online reviews offer more information to customers as compared to company advertisements that mainly dwell on the catch from phrase to entice customers in the event the name of the brand is not too huge. An approval of a stranger who seemingly has very little to gain apart from the use of the product is more believable than the word of a company who is not only after promoting the product or brand but also looking to making a profit for the entity. A significant shift from the traditional platform of shopping to the online platform has contributed hugely to this change where it can be safely said that customers believe the online reviews than the company advertising. Online searches are more than ever integrated into our daily lives and this is evidenced by the over trillion searches processed by Google in 2014. This demonstrated the level of reliance people have on online review. There has been a prevalence of review sites on search results for brands and products, and an understanding of this points to how these reviews impact consumers in decision making. The major question asked in the Google review was "when making a major purchase such as an appliance, a smartphone, or even a car, how important are online reviews in your decision making?" There are various reasons attributed to this shift in customer belief in the marketing scene. First, certain commodities have time and time again warranted the second opinion, and therefore customers will not readily fall for what the company advertises. The most affected are the following areas: home services, restaurants, hotels and high priced items. Google. Inc (2017) posits that on overall, 54% of shoppers will not willingly withdraw their wallets without consulting with the reviews posted in different platforms online. In fact, 70% of customers accounted that they were more likely to buy a product if the online review platform they were using provided access to product reviews. This indicates that initial advertising by a company plays a little part in determining whether or not a customer will resort to purchasing a product. Second, it is conceivable to say that consumers believe online reviews because there are significant believable Consumer reviews (nearly 12 times more) than descriptions that come from manufacturers hugely taking the form of advertisements, according to a study of US internet users carried out by online video review site EXPO. Third, online reviews have an advantage over company advertising about the availability of both negative and positive reviews (Greenslade, 2017). This implies that consumer trust will be improved considerably by the negative opinions they read as it acts on credibility. By highlighting the flaws to a product credibility is optimized. Fourth, the manner in which larger public firms control public opinion significantly the flaws of a product through the online reviews lowers the amount of belief that is derived from the customers from the advertisings owing to the amount of money that is spent on such. Some consumers take unfairness and negative view in company a dvertising due to this as they purport dishonesty. Fifth, it is hard to overlook the fact that company advertisements are also doing a lot that enhances the beliefs of the customer in the information they offer towards making a purchase decision. These include the provision of evidence of materials that have been used in coming up with certain products, the performance evidence encompassing the achievements related to the use of the product and test evidence. Other aspects of the customer belief system that is normally worked up by company advertising thus making the numbers that will take the word of the advisors are, to start with, the use emotional ideas. Some user's customers find this more appealing as it touches on the perceived ways that the product will improve a person's life as opposed to an explanation of its features by the online reviews. Unlike company advertising, online reviews provide consumers with a sense of engagement- referred to as customer engagement- between them and the products. This is more pronounced in the latter than in the former. The availability of online review demonstrates the intensity of an individual's participation in and connection with an organization's offerings and organizational activities, which either the customer or the organization initiate. This leaves it more believable than company advertising. Lastly, by advertising companies leave customers with a single option of comparing products based on the wordings of the advertisements, some resorting for the prices range under the notion that you get what you pay for' (King, Racherla Bush, 2014). Online reviews have turned the tables by giving users a myriad of information sources most notably the peer-to-peer information and the unprecedented availability of expert point of view. Power is exerted by existing customers onto future custom ers. Come to think of it, what is more, believable between a catch-phrase and an opinion of a real user (Google. Inc 2017)? Conclusion Despite the facts as mentioned earlier, the question of what is believed more by customers between company advertising and online reviews remains a hard one considering that the question of what is real and what is fake engulfs both platforms of marketing (King, Racherla Bush, 2014). There have been instances where regulating bodies have accused online review sites of misleading the masses. A case example is when the Advertising Standard Authority in Britain alleged that TripAdvisor was misleading its consumers into believing that a majority if not all of its reviews were genuine i.e. were posted by real travelers. To this effect, there's a certain fraction of the populace that expresses differing sentiments towards online reviews. At the same time as they express the reliance on reviews, only 13 percent of consumers believe reviews are "very reliable." In particular, they're wary of business owners. Some 89 percent are privy to the notion that businesses write demeaning, reviews of competitors and 91 percent think business owners post fake, positive reviews of their businesses (Olenski, 2017). Regardless, it is evident that with the craze around online shopping a lot more customers will be utterly reliant on online reviews and constantly believe in it owing to the range of information it provides to the consumer. References Ye, Q., Law, R. and Gu, B., 2009. The impact of online user reviews on hotel room sales. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 28(1), pp.180-182. Sparks, B.A. and Browning, V., 2011. The impact of online reviews on hotel booking intentions and perception of trust. Tourism Management, 32(6), pp.1310-1323. Greenslade, R. (2017). Advertising undermined by online reviews. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2012/jun/25/advertising-digital-media [Accessed 20 May 2017]. King, R.A., Racherla, P. and Bush, V.D., 2014. What we know and don't know about online word-of-mouth: A review and synthesis of the literature. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 28(3), pp.167-183. Google Inc. (2017). New Study: Data Reveals 67% of Consumers are Influenced by Online Reviews. [online] Moz. Available at: https://moz.com/blog/new-data-reveals-67-of-consumers-are-influenced-by-online-reviews [Accessed 20 May 2017]. Nielsen.com (2017). Under the Influence: Consumer Trust In Advertising. [online] Nielsen.com. Available at: https://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/news/2013/under-the-influence-consumer-trust-in-advertising.html [Accessed 20 May 2017]. Olenski, S. (2017). Forbes Welcome. [online] Forbes.com. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/steveolenski/2017/01/31/how-and-why-brands-need-to-differentiate-between-real-vs-fake-news/#7ac9f50d53e9 [Accessed 20 May 2017]. Tuttle, B. (2012). 9 Reasons Why You Shouldn't Trust Online Reviews | TIME.com. [online] TIME.com. Available at: https://business.time.com/2012/02/03/9-reasons-why-you-shouldnt-trust-online-reviews/ [Accessed 20 May 2017].

Lord Of The Flies - Jack And Ralph Essays - English-language Films

Lord of the Flies - Jack and Ralph Lord of the Flies - Jack and Ralph "Compare and contrast the characters of Jack and Ralph and discuss the way that the rivalry between them develops in the course of the novel." By comparing and contrasting the characters of Jack and Ralph it allows the reader to fully understand their characters and how each develops throughout the novel. Once this has been achieved the reason the rivalry occurs becomes evident and the novel's most important qualities and themes emerge from these two characters. It is then that we are able to see why Ralph and Jack's friendship can never develop into anything but rivalry. Throughout the novel we see that Ralph and Jack share similar qualities, but there is a great difference in the way they use these attributes to benefit both themselves and others. Ralph uses his power to create a democracy, where each person has the right to voice their opinions and ideas. "I'll give the conch to the next person to speak. He can hold it when he's speaking...and he won't be interrupted." The conch becomes a symbol of the right of a speaker to a fair hearing. While Jack uses his authority to produce a fascist, hostile environment where he controls the doings of his tribe. "Tomorrow we shall hunt" and "He said we weren't to let you in." Whilst both characters have the chance to exercise their power, both do so in a disparate way, with Ralph aiming to benefit the group as a whole, and Jack himself profiting from his actions. Ralph and Jack begin the novel with similar beliefs, both wanting to implement rules. "I agree with Ralph. We've got to have rules and obey them." Ralph concentrates on being rescued and Jack goes along with this taking on the responsibility that he and his choir will mind the fire. "We'll be responsible for keeping the fire going-", but while Ralph remains focused on being rescued, Jack's new-found interest in hunting leads him to forget about rescue. "Jack had to think for a moment before he could remember what rescue was. ?Rescue? Yes, of course! All the same, I'd like to catch a pig first-." As the story evolves, so to do Ralph and Jack's different opinions. The pressure on Ralph and Jack's different ideas peak when Jack forgets about his responsibilities in order to hunt. When Ralph tells Jack a ship had passed, and Jack had let the fire go out, because he had been hunting, all Jack can say is "You should have seen the blood!" Now Jack is faced with two choices. "There was the brilliant world of hunting, tactics, fierce exhilaration, skill; and there was the world of longing and baffled commonsense. Jack transferred the knife to his left hand and smudged blood over his forehead." We witness Jack step out of the world of civilisation and cross into a realm of savagery. From here Jack and Ralph's similarities deteriorate and a gap develops between them, causing many problems due to conflicting viewpoints. "They walked along, two continents of experience and feeling, unable to communicate." Both boys are tempted by the ?Beast', but while we see Jack succumb to his inner human desires and cross the line to brutality, Ralph resists temptation, although he finds it difficult. "Kill the pig. Cut her throat. Bash her in. Ralph watched envious, and resentful." Ralph knows that for the island to remain civilised he must not become what Jack has become. When Ralph first participates in a hunt he becomes excited. "Ralph was full of fright and apprehension and pride. ?I hit him! The spear stuck in-", but he realises that he would fail himself and the others if he gave into the ?Beast'. Jack and Ralph prove to be similar, both recognising their inner desires, but each handle the situation differently. The rivalry that develops between Jack and Ralph, begins early in the novel, although it is subtle, and readers may believe it is typical behaviour of boys. The first insight in to their rivalry is when Ralph announces they should vote for a chief. It is obvious that Jack wants to be chief, but Ralph is chosen. "The freckles on Jack's face disappeared under a blush of mortification." Jack now feels he must prove himself better than Ralph. The rivalry develops builds tension until Jack and Ralph are on opposing sides, with Ralph standing for civilisation and humanity, and Jack delving into the world of savagery and murder. The gap between them becomes so strained that Jack

Cultural Revolution Essay Example

Cultural Revolution Essay Example Cultural Revolution Essay Cultural Revolution Essay à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Began end of 1920sà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Signalled return to socialist ideals of Revolution and class warfareà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Non Marxists working in social areas such as education and the arts were denouncedà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ There would be a new Soviet Man and a transformed society that was truly socialistYouthà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Young Communists took a lead in thisà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Komsomol (1918) members aged 14 to 28.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1927 2 million members. Had to apply to joinà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Attacked religion in the villages, booed and criticised painters and writers who did not follow party lineà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Enforced collectivisation, labour discipline, reporting on mood of the peopleReligionà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Link between kulaks and churchgoers, accused priests of holding back collectivisationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Priests hounded out of villages, churches raided, bells melted down, imposed taxes on churchesà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ By end of 1930 80% of countrys village churches closedà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1/40 functioning by end of 1930s à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ No new churches in new towns and citiesEducationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Traditional teaching, homework, textbooks and testing came under attackà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Shulgin, headed educational research institute, said children could be educated to be useful. Delivering leaflets, gathering firewood etcà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Schools should be linked to factoriesà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Non party teachers driven out and replaced by red specialistsà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Party members were sent to college to study for technical and political degrees.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Some factory managers found they had ill disciplined and poorly educated workers who could only do one job as result of thisEducationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1931 Stalin was outraged by state of schools, Komsomol and Shulgin had done great deal of harm to system.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Stalin needed educated workersà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Central Committee ordered change of policyà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Physics, chemistry and maths had to be taught and taught well.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Exams, homework textbooks and rote learning re appearedà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Discipline brought back, by end of 1930s uniforms were brought backà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ History had been banned under Bolsheviks because it was seen as irrelevant, this was brought back by 1934 and new school history books brought in in 1937Artsà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Russian Association of Proletarian artists 1931.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Old masters and traditional paintings criticised. Should be proletarianà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Writing was controlled by RAPP ( Russian Association of Proletarian writersà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Soviet cinema was used to raise the cultural level of the masses, straightforward and realistic films about cows with TB and overcoming problems inn the collective farm.Women and Familyà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Abortion and divorce was easier under the Bolsheviks so family unit weakened by the time Stalin in powerà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ quicksand society created by rapid industrialisationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Falling birth rate, juvenile crime, homeless childrenà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The Great Retreat developed in 1930 sà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Family Code 1936 made abortion illegal except certain circumstances, harder to get divorced, child support payments and mothers with 6 children had bonus payments each year, increased up to 11 children.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Prostitution and homosexuality illegalà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Birth rate rose from 25 per 1000 1933 to 31 per 1000 1940à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Marriage/divorce rate did not alter muchà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Many families had been deserted by the fathersà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ April 1935 decree allowed violent crimes committed by the over 12s punishable as an adultà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ NKVD cleared homeless children from towns and citiesà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Parents could be fined for their childrens hooliganism

Supply Chain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Supply Chain - Essay Example II. Options of recommendation of a supply chain strategy: Keiretsu network The business will utilize the keiretsu network for the power tool company. Keiretsu is a network of organizations linked together by having a stake in each other's organization. The structure is usually likened to a spider's web and was designed to diffuse the adversarial relationship between buyer and supplier. The supplier also becomes a stakeholder of the organization and this set up induces the parties to work for their mutual benefit. This kind of relationship promotes cooperation and collaboration as each organization becomes a stakeholder in each other's organization whereby all stakeholders will share the fruit of profit or in the case of loss, also a share in the financial setback (Miyashia and Russel, 1994). The parts needed for the power tools (electric drills, saws, and sanders) are highly specialized and costly. It has a high learning curve and cannot be procured with any supplier overnight becaus e its specifications must be met before it can purchase from a certain supplier. Needless to say, a collaborative long-term and non-antagonistic relationship with suppliers is favorable for the company due to the requirements of its parts. The keiretsu procurement network serves this purpose. This kind of procurement strategy is aligned with the company's vision of producing the highest quality for its power tool because the company will be working close with its suppliers. Keiretsu is basically a collaborative supplier-client networking where each player has a stake in each other and this kind of supplier chain relationship serves this purpose. Power tools depend on the quality, timeliness and reasonability of the cost of its parts and it is imperative that the supplier that provides the parts of the power tools is committed to delivering its supplies according to those requirements. Of all the supply chain strategies, keiretsu network is the best option that serves the company's o bjectives. The best way to commit suppliers to provide supplies of quality, timely and cost effective is to build a relationship with them whereby the company can work with the supplier on how to better achieve these business objectives. This will not only produce better power tool products, but also allow better prices making the company more competitive in the market making keiretsu a top choice. The only downside of keiretsu network is that if a non-performing (tardy on delivery) and substandard (not meeting specifications) supplier is wrongly chosen, it would be difficult shake it off because the company has committed itself on a long-term basis, especially if there is a contract between the two parties. These issues can be easily remedied. For the issue of incorrectly choosing non-performing and substandard supplier, the power tool company must first establish a strict criteria before looking for a supplier. These criteria must reflect the objectives, quality standard and timel iness of the company and must be met by the supplier in consideration. This would avoid incorrectly choosing a wrong supplier. For the issue of binding the company to a wrong supplier, it can be remedied by stipulating an opt out and a fine in the event that supplier will renege the contract. This will compensate the company for any

Gas line explosion in Fresno Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gas line explosion in Fresno - Essay Example During the explosion, at least 11 people were injured. Most of the victims were inmates who were near the blast site. In this case, the inmates had been assigned cleaning and maintenance duties at the firing range (Marcum & Therolf, 2015). However, three other inmates were unhurt. Firefighters assigned to put out the explosion revealed that, the blaze blackened front loader and formed a crater at the site. The explosion however did not create property damage in the area. Although there were no indications that the PG&E Company had a hand in the fiery accident, the Fresno County Sheriffs are investigating the company’s natural-gas operations. Extensive scrutiny is conducted due to the company’s natural-gas operations that killed at least 8 people after the San Francisco blast in San Bruno suburb (Marcum & Therolf, 2015). On the other hand, the National Transportation Safety Board is blaming PG&E safety practices and Iax lapse by state regulators especially for this occurrence. The State regulators had earlier leveled the biggest-ever fine against utility in the state to cost at least $1.6 billion. This was against PG&E for its role in the Bruno blast (Marcum & Therolf, 2015). Catastrophic pipeline emergencies remain rare. However, with the increasing pipeline catastrophes across the United States, adequate preparation and responses remain important in minimizing life and property risks from pipeline emergencies. To plan effectively for pipeline catastrophes, it is important that emergency responders understand how best the emergency response works. Additionally, the authorities in charge must use resources and tools available in assisting with disaster preparedness and response. Excavators and pipeline organizations must always coordinate before digging. Communities must also consider implementing some of the recommended practices by the PIPA. Most of these recommendations address on people and property protection. They also

Value Added Services In Logistics Operations Marketing Essay

Value Added Services In Logistics Operations Marketing Essay Logistics is a procedure to optimize all activities to ensure the delivery of cargo through a transport chain from one end to the other. The comparative efficiency of a countrys trade logistics chain is of vital importance in enhancing competitiveness of its industry and commerce. In this regard, international differences in trade logistics efficiency determine in large extent the efficiency and sustainability of the economies. In developed countries such as the U.S. and Japan, logistics costs are about 10 per cent of GDP. For some less developed economies, these costs exceed 30 per cent. Moreover, these differences among countries appear to be widening. According to the European Logistics Association, the logistics costs in relation to annual turnover can amount to more than 30 per cent in the food industry, 27 per cent in the metal industry, 23 per cent in the chemical industry, 15 per cent in the automotive sector. The percentages may differ from country to country and industry by industry, but many of the critical cost factors are influenced by public policy. The logistics chain consists of activities that facilitate the movement of goods from supply to demand. As many such activities require the use of ports, port authorities have taken a particular interest in the various port activities involved in logistics. Logistics costs are not limited to costs consumed in carrying out logistics activities. Rather, they should be understood as all costs input into a given logistics system for the provision of logistics service. According to the US Department of Transportation, logistics is defined to be the method that service groups position themselves to perform activities such as transportation, warehousing, inventories, information processing and customer relations. Advanced logistics is the term used when the firms make use of technologies and permits to reduce costs by substituting large inventories, multiple warehouses and customer service outlets with transportation, e-commerce and just-in-time deliveries. To reap the benefits of advanced logistics, firms have restructured themselves in relation to transporting of goods from one point to another and improving infrastructure. During the 1970s typical logistics functions focused on traditional physical distribution activities, including the movement and storage of finished goods between the producer and consumer. Those specific functions were identified in the 1985 A.T. Kearney study of logistics organizations as outbound transportation, logistics administration, intracompany transportation, logistics control, finished goods field warehousing, and logistics systems planning. These activities were eventually determined to be quite narrow in terms of meeting customer needs. Therefore, they provided the foundation for broader interpretation of logistics, which led to inclusion of various activities like the processing of orders and development of customer relations, finished goods plant warehousing, finished goods inventory management, and inbound transportation. The third phase in this evolutionary process was identified to include logistics engineering, production planning, sourcing or purchasing, raw mater ials or work-in-process inventory management, sales forecasting, and international logistics. This evolutionary process moves logistics from its traditional physical responsibility to an integrative value added role in the business. As logistics becomes more important in an organization, it encompasses more functional areas within a single responsibility center to provide more coordination and more highly integrate the logistics channel. Because of the evolution of the logistics operations, its responsibility travels further back through the supply chain to the raw material source. When logistics operations is linked with manufacturing operations, it can be seen that the aspects of manufacturing activities with logistics operations activities address the common underlying foundations that contribute to the value of the products and services offered to customers. According to a study conducted by Frost Sullivan in 2009, about logistics operations in ASEAN countries, it was found that Singapore accounts for the lowest percentage of logistics as a part of total sales at 8 percent while Indonesia has the highest at 19 percent. According to this 2009 study, Malaysia and Thailand accounts for 17 and 12 percent, respectively. It has been noted that the high logistics costs may be attributed to inefficiency in operations. The inefficiency may be linked to the lack of trained man power and inadequate support to facilities and infrastructure, which has led to the slow flow of cargo and distribution of goods. Based from this study it can be deducted that an efficient operation is due to the presence of trained professionals, high quality and an array of logistics services offered and an excellent infrastructure and communications or information system. As of present date, studies have shown that transportation is the largest contributing factor to the cost acquired by most companies. Currently, the primary reason of most consumers for engaging in a third party logistics provider or what is known to be a trucking service is to enhance the efficiency of logistics operations through professional intervention. Engaging in a trucking service also has its cost advantages and thereby acts as a cost saving move for most companies. An arrangement with a logistics company also provides the consumer the ability to focus on other concerns such as their own competency and reliability. It is no surprise therefore that the main criterion evaluated by most companies engaging in this service is the cost savings factor. There is only Malaysia that evaluates the services offered and the condition of the equipments when choosing their logistics service provider. Meanwhile, it has also been found out that across ASEAN countries, technology is the least considered factor. On the other hand, it can be noted that the most efficient country in logistics operations, Singapore, is heavily focused in the communications area. This countrys most influential consideration factor is the network coverage employed by the logistics service provider since Singaporean companies are main players in the international market. Technology wise, there are sixty percent of consumers adopting technology are heavily rely on warehouse management and the bar coding system. On the other hand, transportation planning system and vehicle tracking system are yet to be embraced by more than sixty percent of the end-users. The use of the smart labeling system or RFID for public vehicles is still low. The adoption and usage for RFID or smart labeling system are still low mainly because of the high cost of implementation and the less mature technologies across South East Asia. Among all the activities in logistics operations, transportation is the most utilized activity accounting for more than seventy percent of end users outsourcing such logistics activities to service providers. Freight forwarding comes to a close second to transportation followed by inbound warehousing accounting for more than fifty percent. On the other hand, processes like the packing and labeling of goods and management of fleet are the value added services that are most utilized. DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS Value Added Services (VAS), which is loosely defined as a collection of specific requirements mandated by customers involving additional processing of a product or an order beyond the simple picking of the product for an order, is an especially common practice in the retail supply chain and is estimated to consume +10% (and growing) of total labor hours. According to Logistics Managements 2nd Annual Warehouse Operations Survey, 80% of respondents are dealing with some form of VAS in their DCs. This was confirmed during in-depth interviews conducted by Distribution Digest for our report on Automated Case Picking (ACP). Value added services are offered by the logistics companies in order for customers to benefit from their full use and application. This may include anything from routine maintenance and customer technical support; to customization and application training; to real-time inventory management and state-of-the-art channel support. It refers to the process of developing rela tionships with customers through the provision of an augmented offer, which may encompass many aspects of value-added activities. Value added services are aimed at ensuring that special requirements of customers are met and that product is received as ordered. These services are integrated with logistics operations through a global network of agents and coordinated at either point of origin or final delivery location. These services may include: complete shipping documentation from start to finish; cooperation with convention/trade show coordinator; pickup and delivery of time definitive freight; unpacking and setup assistance including the removal of packing materials; repackaging of materials at end of trade show; pickup and return; logistics consulting; performance reporting and distribution services. Through out the years, an evolution to the terminologies relating to the consumer has been witnessed in the logistics industry. Logistics initially gave birth to the concept of customer relations which represents the combined output of the various processes in logistics. Eventually, end products of marketing and logistics activities were connected to customer relations to create customer satisfaction. Most recently, the concept of customer success has been introduced to link the service provided by the firm not only with the satisfaction of the customer, but with the success that the customer realizes in attaining its organizational objectives. Since, transportation, warehousing and freight forwarding are activities that are most likely to continue in the next 2-3 years, there is an increasing trend for consumers to look for companies that can supply value added services. The value added service employed by the logistics companies are created through the eyes of the logistics executi ve. It is critical that the strategies and tactics used influence the perception that the customer has of the organization and has the potential of transaction creation during the short term as well as the long term. Therefore, the logistics executives perception of value is directly linked to the firms ability to satisfy the customer. This can result in customer satisfaction, which can ultimately lead to a positive attitude by the customer towards the service provider. The value of the logistics service provided is measured by an assessment of the logistics executives perception of how customers perceive the service provided by the firm and how they react, or respond to this service. This measure, called customer reaction, include the level of perceived satisfaction with the existing service levels, whether customers are inclined to reduce or increase their business with the firm if the service levels change relative to their expectations, and whether customers can recognize change s in the service levels provided by the firm. These days, the commercial success of a logistics operation could stem from a productivity advantage in traditional cargo-handling service, from value-added service, or from a combination of the two. Productivity advantages come mainly from economies of scale and economies of scope, suggesting that the most productive ports will be those that are equipped to handle large cargo volumes and significantly reduce unit costs through efficient management. Shippers and carriers select individual ports not only based on their cargo handling service capabilities, but also on the benefits they are capable of delivering. Unless a port can deliver benefits that are superior to those provided by its competitors in a functional aspect, customers are likely to select logistics providers based merely on price. This fact raises the question of how to one logistics company can stand out from the rest of the companies that are in the market or what is known to be value differentiation. In the 1970s, almost every logistics company provided the same basic package of services to almost every customer. Nowadays, however, it is more difficult for service providers to compete on the basis of cargo-handling service. There has been a convergence of technology within cargo-handling service categories. This means that though new technology may sometimes provide a window of opportunity for productivity improvement, in many cases that same technology is also available to competitors. It is no longer possible to compete effectively on the basis of basic, traditional functions. Thus, there is a need for logistics service providers to seek out new means of gaining a competitive edge. The late 1980s saw the emergence of major changes. Consumers began to ask service providers to provide a greater variety of services. Providing value-added services is a powerful way for logistics companies to build a sustainable competitive advantage. Shippers and customers are becoming increasingly demanding. Customers now tend to look at value-added logistics services as an integral part of their supply chain. As a result, service providers must attempt to satisfy these needs by offering differentiated services. This poses a particular challenge for logistics operators in the industry. Studies show that the most successful logistics service providers are those that not only have a productivity advantage in cargo-handling services, but that also offer value-added services because operators who do not provide additional services are indistinguishable to their competitors. Although there have been researches that have found that there continues to be a need for operators to provide the basic, traditional cargo-handling function and that there continue to be many customers for such services, it is clear that, in the future of the logistics operations industry, there will be fewer ports that prosper only in this area. Rather, we will see the dominance of superior service leaders that possess both a productivity advantage and a value-added service advantage. Logistics companies that provide value-added services are on their way to becoming the more superior logistics company. The advanced ports around the world have continuously emphasized the function of logistics centres mainly due to the high degree of global production and the need for value added services. These trends in international logistics strongly suggest that the trend toward value added services is likely to continue into the future. Currently, the logistics discipline continues to revolutionize itself with the adaptation of various e-business practices and forms of just in time delivery. The nature of these adjustments may result to more single package deliveries requiring additional transport services. KEY RECOMMENDATIONS Therefore, for logistic operations to have an edge, it is recommended that logistics companies incorporate valued added services to the array of services that they provide in a matter that is cost efficient. There is also a need for service providers to be able to offer services of high quality and as well as cost reducing solutions. Service providers must also take a closer look at the activities in operations and ensure that there are no repetitions of activities for maximum optimization. The elimination of redundant activities results in more efficiency and cost reductions. Providing trainings for inexperienced personnel is also vital in achieving maximum customer satisfaction in the future. The ultimate output of the quality effort by the logistics organization should be through the customers reaction in the market. This reaction is continually perceived by the logistics executive in the form of individual customer sales, business in specific traffic lanes, changes in facility in ventory levels, or changes in the volume of customer complaints to the customer service department. However, the simple truth is that when you are processing thousands of cases an hour and shipping dozens of trailers per day, there just isnt a lot of time for value added services, especially that which doesnt provide real benefit. In the end engaging in value added services is a business decision. A customer can be told that the service provider can do just about anything they want, but the customer must also know that its not free. Value added services make the services provided by the logistics service providers more expensive. The customer needs to gauge how important it is to its business. Sometimes retailers are surprised that their requests dont add any value. As an example, in a certain logistics company, one Vice President of Operations, described a situation where an existing customer ordered standard 12 packs last year, however this year all their orders were in 6 packs. The Operations VP went back to the customer explaining that when youre handling 80,000 cases verses 40 ,000 there is a big difference in handling and processing cost. That particular customer understood the logistics cost impact for the DC, as well as for them, and immediately changed their Purchase Order back to 12 packs. Still, for some companies the consequences of value added services have been more frequent shipments and in smaller quantities, forcing many of them into piece-pick operations where they had previously been a full case-based pick. Or, at the very least, having to open full cases to apply tickets and other paperwork and then manually applying a special shipping label.    If it is determined that the cost absorption for a specified value added service is too great, the logistics company has the option to try and work out a deal with the customer to obtain waivers, or in some extreme situations refuse to comply. On the other hand, a major component of an efficient supply chain is getting everything done on the first touch. Therefore, it can be logically argued that in many cases moving value added services upstream to the manufacturing level is moving it in the right direction. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢

Birth and Family Life Jose Rizal

Birth and Family Life Jose Rizal was born on June 19, 1861. It was a Wednesday evening in Calamba, Laguna, and his mother nearly died in the process. He was baptized three days later, on June 22, by the parish priest of the Catholic church in his town, Fr. Rufino Collantes from Batangas. His godfather, Fr. Pedro Casanas, was a close family friend. Rizal's mother named him after St. Joseph, to whom she was ardently devoted. He was born in Calamba, Laguna (a few kilometers south of Manila) on June 19, 1861 and spent most of his childhood days in Calamba.At the age of 8 in 1869 he wrote his first known poem â€Å"To my Fellow Children† (in Tagalog) where he encourages the love for one’s native language. On June 10, 1872 he started his secondary education in Manila at the Ateneo de Letran. On November 14, 1874 he wrote a poem titled â€Å"Felicitation† as a birthday greeting to the husband of his sister Narcisa. On December 5, 1875 he wrote 3 more poems for which at the end of the school year in March 1876 won him five medals for his talent in poetry.On April 1, 1876 (age 15) he writes 2 more poems namely â€Å"Intimate Alliance of Religion and good Education† and â€Å"Education gives Luster to the Country†. During the summer months while on vacation he wrote a poem called â€Å"San Eustaquio, a Martyr†. On December 3, 1876 he writes 3 more poems â€Å"El cautiverio y el triunfo† or â€Å"The Captivity and the Triumph†, â€Å"Entrada triunfal de los Reyes Catolicos en Granada† or â€Å"The Triumphant entrance of the Catholic Kings in Granada†, and â€Å"La Conquista de Granada† or † The Conquest of Granada†. On March 14, 1877 he received his Bachelor of Arts degree.On November 22, 1879 his poem â€Å"A la Juventud Filipino† (â€Å"To the Filipino Youth†) won first prize in a poetry contest and an honorable mention from the organization loosely translated â€Å"A ssociation of the Friends of the Fatherland†. Notably also he wrote an essay or prose entitled â€Å"The Council of Gods† which was about the Greek/Roman mythological â€Å"gods and goddesses† which showed his deep knowledge of the subject. He started his medical studies at the University of Santo Tomas in Manila (the oldest university in the Far East) but stopped because of the unfair treatment by the Dominican Friars of Filipino students.On May 3, 1882 he left the Philippines for Spain where he studied to be a doctor at the Universidad de Madrid. While in Europe he lived in Spain, France, Germany, Belgium, and Austria until July 3, 1887 when he returned to the Philippines for a brief period. RIZAL'S FAMILY Francisco Mercado Rizal was born on May 11, 1818 in Binan, Laguna. He was a graduate of the College of San Jose in Manila, studying Latin and Philosophy. Francisco moved to Calamba to become a tenant-farmer of a hacienda owned by the Dominicans. He died at th e age of 80 on January 5, 1898 in Manila.About his father, Jose Rizal says that he is â€Å"a model of fathers. † Teodora Alonso Realonda was born on November 8, 1926 in Manila. She was a graduate of the College of Santa Rosa. She died at the age of 85 on August 16, 1911 in Manila. About his mother, Jose Rizal says, â€Å"My mother is a woman of more than ordinary culture; she knows literature and speaks Spanish better than I. She corrected my poems and gave me good advice when I was studying rhetoric. She is a mathematician and has read many books. † Rizal is the seventh of eleven children: 1. Saturnina 2. Paciano 3. Narcisa 4. Olimpia 5. Lucia 6.Maria 7. Jose 8. Concepcion 9. Josefa 10. Trinidad 11. Soledad Rizal's family was a mixture of races. They were a combination of Negrito, Malay, Indonesian, Japanese, Chinese, and Spanish, though Jose was predominantly Malayan. THE SURNAME Mercado was the original surname of the Rizal family. Domingo Lamco, Jose's great-great -grandfather, adopted the name Rizal in 1731 and it became a second surname of the family. In Jose's letter to Ferdinand Blumentritt, he says: â€Å"I am the only Rizal in because at home my parents, my sisters my brother, and my relatives have always preferred our old surname Mercado.Our family name was in fact Mercado, but there were many Mercados in the Philippines who are not related to us. It is said that an alcalde mayor, who was a friend of our family added Rizal to our name. My family did not pay much attention to this, but now I have to use it. In this way, it seems that I am an illegitimate son. † THE MERCADO (RIZAL) FAMILY The Rizals is considered as one of the biggest families during their time. Researchers revealed that the Mercado-Rizal family had also traces of Japanese, Spanish, Malay and Even Negrito blood aside from Chinese.Jose Rizal came from a 13-member family consisting of his parents, Francisco Mercado II and Teodora Alonso Realonda, and nine sisters an d one brother. FRANCISCO MERCADO (1818-1898) Father of Jose Rizal who was the youngest of 13 offsprings of Juan and Cirila Mercado. Born in Binan, Laguna on April 18, 1818; studied in San Jose College, Manila; and died in Manila. TEODORA ALONSO (1827-1913) Mother of Jose Rizal who was the second child of Lorenzo Alonso and Brijida de Quintos. She studied at the Colegio de Santa Rosa. She was a business-minded woman, courteous, religious, hard-working and well-read.She was born in Santa Cruz, Manila on November 14, 1827 and died in 1913 in Manila. SATURNINA RIZAL (1850-1913) Eldest child of the Rizal-Alonzo marriage. Married Manuel Timoteo Hidalgo of Tanauan, Batangas . PACIANO RIZAL (1851-1930) Only brother of Jose Rizal and the second child. Studied at San Jose College in Manila; became a farmer and later a general of the Philippine Revolution. NARCISA RIZAL (1852-1939) The third child. married Antonio Lopez at Morong, Rizal; a teacher and musician. OLIMPIA RIZAL (1855-1887) The fo urth child. Married Silvestre Ubaldo; died in 1887 from childbirth.LUCIA RIZAL (1857-1919) The fifth child. Married Mariano Herbosa. MARIA RIZAL (1859-1945) The sixth child. Married Daniel Faustino Cruz of Binan, Laguna. JOSE RIZAL (1861-1896) The second son and the seventh child. He was executed by the Spaniards on December 30,1896. CONCEPCION RIZAL (1862-1865) The eight child. Died at the age of three. JOSEFA RIZAL (1865-1945) The ninth child. An epileptic, died a spinster. TRINIDAD RIZAL (1868-1951) The tenth child. Died a spinster and the last of the family to die. SOLEDAD RIZAL (1870-1929) The youngest child married Pantaleon Quintero.

The Mayas and the Incas.

The Mayas and the Incas are two Indian civilizations that inhabited South America and left a significant mark on the culture and history of these places. They both have legends that link their arrival to immigration from the East; however it is more likely that the immigration occurred from the north. Though these two cultures had some similarities one of these was not language as they had several differences in their native tongues. However, regardless of the differences legends have claimed a community of origin between these two civilizations, in the remote past.The Inca civilization has a reign of less than 200 years in comparison to the Maya civilization and has its base in the area that is now Peru. They flourished in the highlands of the Andes and their reign is estimated as being from AD 1438 – 1534. They also extended into the areas that are now Ecuador and Chile. There are links that show that this civilization was derived from a warlike tribe that moved into the val ley at Cuzco. Their reign was estimated to span from the Maule River to the Quito.In contrast, the Maya civilization emerged in BC 1000 and lasted more than a thousand years in the Yucatan area of Mexico into Guatemala, Belize and Honduras. They were responsible for the creation of many cities in their time such as Tikal and Uxual. They also had a wide span however their system of governance varied greatly and there was no emperor but rather several powerful heads in each city. There was also no capital as each city ruled itself.In terms of religious practices both civilizations practiced sacrificing of animals and at times of humans as well.   They also both worshipped several Gods. The Incas believed in a creator and many sky gods. They called gold the â€Å"sweat of the sun† and viewed it as precious only in materials used for ceremonial items. They focused on rituals that they believed led to healing and increasing harvest. In a trait similar to the Mayas, in times of c alamity they believed in the sacrifice of humans.These times included earthquakes and drought. The Inca also had a similar religion to the Inca. They also believed in several nature Gods and in the use of sacrifice to appease the Gods. The thought that the feeding of blood to the Gods would also appease and satisfy the Gods so that their  children would be healthy and their crops would be good. Religion was important in daily life and this is evident from the information that has been attained from pottery, the walls of buildings and murals.Inca architecture was ornate. The capital city was Cuzco and this was the richest city in the Americas at that time. The temples were decorated with gold plates. There were many royal estates and palaces that were for the nobility and were constantly maintained by the builders and artisans. The Mayas had elaborate buildings as well but were more advanced in their use of material.They used concrete in their construction and built pyramids as mon uments to Gods and leaders. Some of these pyramids were as tall as 200 feet. They also had a distinctive style of construction. The pyramids that they built the tops were flat unlike those in Egyptian architecture. This meant that their leaders were able to climb and sit atop the pyramids.There were mainly three staples in the Inca diet. These were corn, potato and a seed called quinua. They were advanced in thinking and grew a surplus of food for times of war and drought. The quinua was the seed that was used to produce flour and cereal.Corn was used in religious ceremonies and to make a drink called Chicha. The Maya diet was also largely reliant on agriculture. They cultivated corn, beans, sweet potatoes, squash and yucca. Corn was the main staple in their diet. They also sourced meat from the hunting of deer, monkey, duck and wild turkey. The product that was limited in consumption to the nobles was chocolate and was referred to as the drink of the Gods.The Incas had rulers that enforced a strong work ethic in them. Though they had leisure time this time was focused more on religious festivals. Many festivals would take place that were to honour leaders, Gods and to help with a good harvest. The Maya, in contrast, actually had a lot more activities. They had a game called â€Å"pok-ol-pok† that used a rubber ball.This game is very similar to what we know today as soccer. As in soccer the hands were not used to touch the ball and the ball had to be hit though a ring. This game could be very competitive and sometimes the losing team would lose their life. They also had trumpets made from conch shells and drums that they used to play music. Some other instruments included the turtle shell rattles and the pottery flutes. They loved to dance and play music and would honour the rulers and Gods by doing these activities.Both societies were classed societies. The Maya had at the bottom of the ladder the slaves. This was followed by the peasants, artisans, no bility, priests and the leaders at the top. There was no supreme leader. The farmers raised crops and worked hard as they did not use animals to prepare fields. Craftsmen made murals, pottery, jewellery and many other items.They also had piercing and tattoos like today but viewed beauty differently. The Inca had a similar class but with labourers below and an Emperor at the top. Farmers also worked hard and grew crops but also reared animals. The llamas were used for transport and the alpacas for their wool. The Inca painted their faces and also had piercings. They in addition had the ear of boys pierced in a manhood ceremony and a gold disc placed in the hole. When the boy grew older this disc was replaced with larger and larger discs. This was considered to be a sign of beauty.The culture of the Maya was very developed. They possessed a written language and books. They also had experts in the fields of mathematics and astronomy. As already mentioned, their architecture was excepti onal and they constructed palaces and pyramids with great skill. The writings of the Maya are perhaps on of the first writings of the Americas. They utilized pictures and symbols to represent words and thoughts.These symbols can be known as glyphs and have been found in books and walls. Their books were folded like a fan and were called codices. Their number system was advanced and they based it on the number 20 unlike our present system that uses 10. The Maya could subtract and add. It has also been seen that they were able to plot the movement of the sun, moon and Venus. They performed calculations on the orbit of Venus that have been found to be very accurate today. Their calendar is the most accurate one from the ancient world. They based their year on a 365 day system over one thousand years ago.The Inca culture was not as advanced and they did not have any written language. They did have the foresight to have verbal historians in their society that ensured that their history w as passed along through the generations. The form of mathematics that was practiced was also not very developed. They used a quipus to keep track of numbers. This consisted of coloured strings and knots tied. The quipu rememberers were able to translate the knots and keep track of amounts.The method by which the quipu was used is not known today. Although not  very advanced like the Maya in many aspects the Inca were also skilled in terms of architecture. The material they used was stone and not concrete however they were skilled enough to be able to fit the stones perfectly without the use of mortar. They also had the insight to build a lot of roads as much as 10,000 miles in addition to many temples, palaces and bridges. Their bridges were great structures that were made using a rope suspension method and they were advanced in terms of irrigation.The Inca and the Maya civilizations both have a lot of similarities and differences. The similarities in their religious beliefs are e vident on further inspection. These may be due to the fact that they most probably have in their lineages common ancestors or roots. The belief in sacrifices as well as the similarities in some of their Gods points clearly to this. The importance that the societies have placed on religion is also evident in their cultures.One factor that can account for the advanced development of the Maya civilization is the fact that they were an old civilization. This civilization had a lot of time to develop. The time period that they existed for was over a thousand years giving them a lot of time to develop, grow, explore and investigate the world around them and ways to improve their life. This information could then be passed along through the generations and built on and further developed with each successive generation.The Inca civilization, however, is one that was very young in age. They were around for only a period of about 200 years. This means that they were not able to advance to the degree of the Maya civilization within that timeframe. There achievements are in fact great for the limited time that they were in their prime. Their language given time, I am certain would have developed into a written language as well.Location of the civilizations can also account for differences in their diet and daily life. Though in the southern continent of the Americas the types of crops planted and reared would have varied from area to area and this would affect the type of food that was consumed by the population.The governance system of the civilizations may also account for some of the differences. The Mayas were not dependent on the governance of an Emperor and were able to function as independent cities while the Inca had  a supreme Emperor. This may indeed have held back the development of the Inca as they were dependent on the genius of one individual whereas the Maya were led by several leaders in many cities.  These reasons may account for the differences and s imilarities in the Inca and Maya civilizations. These civilizations had many similarities and many differences but were both in their own way and in their own time great in terms of their achievements and development.ReferencesStrohl, M. and S. Schneck. Mayas, Aztecs, Incas: Cooperative Learning Activities. New York: Scholastic Professional Books, 1994.Baquedano, E. Eyewitness Books: Aztec, Inca, and Maya. New York: Alfred A. Knopf,1993.Mesoamerican Civilizations: Mayas and Incas. 24th April, 2007Bleeker, S and Sasaki, K. The Maya: Indians of Central America. Published: Morrow, 1961.